Mindware: Critical Thinking for the Information Age Quiz Answers

Get All Weeks Mindware: Critical Thinking for the Information Age Quiz Answers

Week 1: Mindware: Critical Thinking for the Information Age Quiz Answers

Quiz 1: Lesson 1 Quiz

Q1. From this list, choose the example that is a variable:

[expand title=View Answer]
1.The direction that the Earth rotates around the Sun
2.The distance from Los Angeles to El Paso
3.The number of hours of daylight in a day
[/expand]

Q2. From this list, choose the example that is a constant

[expand title=View Answer]The number of whole tones (whole steps) in a major scale [/expand]

Q3. What percent of cases are within -1 and +1 standard deviation?

[expand title=View Answer] 68% [/expand]

Q4. What percent of cases are between -3 and +1 standard deviation?

[expand title=View Answer] 96%[/expand]

Q5. Phoebe is at the 60th percentile in her math class and wants to hire a tutor who can help her perform in at least the 75th percentile. Tutor A helps students perform at .5 standard deviations above the class mean and charges $10 per hour. Tutor B helps students perform at 1 standard deviation above the mean and charges $12 per hour. Tutor C helps students perform at 2 standard deviations above the mean and charges $15 per hour.

Which tutor helps Phoebe meet her goal without spending unnecessary money?

[expand title=View Answer] Tutor B [/expand]

Q6. An online instructor is providing a digital badge as an incentive to learners who score in the 85th percentile or higher on a module exam. The exam scores have a normal distribution, with a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 8. What minimum score out of the options below would learners need to receive the digital badge?

[expand title=View Answer] 87[/expand]

Q7. Ohio State’s introductory calculus class earns a mean score of 70 with a standard deviation of 12. Michigan’s identical introductory calculus class earns a mean score of 70 with a standard deviation of 8. Both schools test program MathX. At Ohio State, the test group’s mean performance rises to 76. At Michigan, it rises to 74.

Which of the following interpretations is valid?

[expand title=View Answer] The effect of MathX training on the student’s scores is the same at both schools.[/expand]

Q8. This (hypothetical) scatter shows data for MOOC X students. Which of the following statements correctly describes the scatterplot shown above?

[expand title=View Answer] Most students who access fewer chapters have lower adjusted grades than most other students, and students who access more chapters have higher adjusted grades than most other students. [/expand]

Q9. You can have reliability without validity.

[expand title=View Answer] False[/expand]

Quiz 2: Pre-lecture Reflection Prompt

Q1. Consider the scenario below and answer the follow-up question using what you already intuitively know about statistics. You will revisit this question at the end of this lesson, so keep a record of your response so that you can compare your response here to the follow-up question at the end of this lesson.

You have two acquaintances at work: JB and KL. At the office party on Saturday, JB was friendlier than KL. What’s the likelihood that JB will be friendlier than KL at the planning meeting on Monday? Give your reasoning to support your answer.

Now, imagine that over the last 20 times you dealt with JB and KL, JB was friendlier on average than KL. What do you suppose the likelihood would be of JB being friendlier than KL on average over the next 20 times you deal with them? Is the likelihood greater or less than the likelihood you reported for the above question? Why?

Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters

[expand title=View Answer]
1.There is no evidence to suggest that JB is more likely to be friendlier than KL at the planning meeting than he was at the office party. The fact that JB was friendlier at the office party does not mean that he will be friendlier at the planning meeting. It is just as likely that KL will be friendlier at the planning meeting.
2.If over the last 20 times I dealt with JB and KL, JB was friendlier on average than KL, then the likelihood of JB being friendlier than KL on average over the next 20 times I deal with them is greater than 50/50.
3.The fact that JB was friendlier on average over the last 20 times suggests that he is more likely to be friendlier than KL in the future. However, it is still possible that KL will be friendlier at some of the future interactions. The likelihood of JB being friendlier than KL on average over the next 20 times will depend on a number of factors, including the specific interactions that take place.
4.Here are some of the factors that could affect the likelihood of JB being friendlier than KL:
The topics that are discussed at the meetings
The personalities of the people involved
The circumstances of the meetings
If the meetings are focused on topics that JB is interested in, or if the people involved are more likely to get along with JB, then the likelihood of JB being friendlier than KL will be higher. Similarly, if the meetings are stressful or difficult, then the likelihood of JB being friendlier than KL will be lower.
Ultimately, the likelihood of JB being friendlier than KL at the planning meeting on Monday is impossible to say with certainty. However, the fact that he was friendlier on average over the last 20 times suggests that it is more likely than not that he will be friendlier at the next meeting.
[/expand]

Quiz 3: Pre-lecture Quiz

Q1. For each of the hypothetical research questions below, select the items where a random sample of 100 would be much more informative than a random sample of 10 (in contrast to only slightly more informative) if your research objective is to determine:

[expand title=View Answer] The average height of males in the US [/expand]

Quiz 4: Lesson 2 Quiz

Q1. Sample values resemble population values as a _ of their size. The _ the sample, the less likely it is you will get an unrepresentative value.

[expand title=View Answer] Portion, smaller[/expand]

Q2. We tend to go from an observation to a ___

Hint: It is a one-word answer that ends in “…tion”

[expand title=View Answer] Induction[/expand]

Q3. Of the following examples, what would be a situation where the Law of Large numbers would help you make better decisions or assumptions:

[expand title=View Answer]The number of complaints that a customer service office receives in a day[/expand]

Q4. If we are trying to infer something about a population that has a lot of variability, the smaller the sample, the more likely it is to get a result that doesn’t represent the population distribution.

[expand title=View Answer] True[/expand]

Q5. If we are trying to infer something about a population that has a lot of variability, small samples representing a population can never be as accurate as larger samples.

[expand title=View Answer] False [/expand]

Q6. (Check all the answers that apply.)

For personality traits like friendliness, people:

[expand title=View Answer]
1.Are too quick to generalize
2.Assume too little variability
[/expand]

Quiz 5: Post-lecture Reflection Prompt

Q1. Using what you know about the law of large numbers, re-evaluate the scenarios that you considered prior to watching the video.

The last time you visited your boss in his office, he was extremely irritable. What do you suppose the likelihood would be of him being irritable the next time you go to his office? Give your reasoning to support your answer.

Now imagine that the last twenty times you visited your boss, he was extremely irritable. What do you suppose the likelihood would be of him being irritable the next twenty times you go to his office and why?

How has your understanding changed since learning about the law of large numbers?

[expand title=View Answer]
1.The last time you visited your boss in his office, he was extremely irritable. What do you suppose the likelihood would be of him being irritable the next time you go to his office?
2.Now imagine that the last twenty times you visited you boss, he was extremely irritable. What do you suppose the likelihood would be of him being irritable the next twenty times you go to his office and why?
3.How has your understanding changed since learning about the law of large numbers?
[/expand]

Week 2: Mindware: Critical Thinking for the Information Age Quiz Answers

Quiz 1:Lesson 3 Quiz

Q1. A group of researchers are looking to see if there is a correlation between having X trait and having allergies. Given the table below, what ratios must be compared to determine the presence of an association between X trait and having allergies?

[expand title=View Answer] 10/60 and 20/25 [/expand]

Q2. What term accounts for the fact that when we are prepared to see an association we are more likely to see it?

[expand title=View Answer] Illusory correlation [/expand]

Q3. A variable that is associated with both variables of interest and which could explain the association between them is called a(n) __ variable.

[expand title=View Answer] Confounding[/expand]

Q4. What is the term defining the probability that a result at least as extreme as the one obtained could have occurred given that there is in fact no relationship?

[expand title=View Answer] Statistical significance [/expand]

Q5. Explain the statistical significance of a finding when p<.003

The probability that the result could have been obtained even if there is actually no relationship is less than _ in _.

[expand title=View Answer] 3; 1000[/expand]

Quiz 2: Lesson 4 Quiz

Q1. Correlation is just as good as an experiment at determining causality.

[expand title=View Answer] False [/expand]

Q2. The treatment in an experiment is considered the _. The thing that is measured in an experiment is considered the _.

[expand title=View Answer] independent variable; dependent variable [/expand]

Q3. Shortly after the new CEO took over Company Z, its stocks began to fall. John blames the change in stock value on poor management by the CEO. Why does John not have enough information to draw this conclusion (besides having a small sample size of one company)?

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

[expand title=View Answer]
Here are some reasons why John does not have enough information to draw the conclusion that the change in stock value is due to poor management by the CEO:
1.There could be other factors that caused the change in stock value, such as changes in the economy or in the industry.
2.The change in stock value may not be permanent. It is possible that the stock price will go back up in the future.
3.John only has data for one company. He needs to look at data from a larger number of companies to make a more reliable conclusion.
[/expand]

Q4. Many control variables in multiple regression analysis have very high validity but very low reliability.

[expand title=View Answer] False [/expand]

Q5. The method referred to as the Gold Standard Experiment is stronger than multiple regression analysis.

[expand title=View Answer] True [/expand]

Q6. Benny wants to know if playing classical music or country music is better for memory, so to test both treatments, he flips a coin to determine which type of music he will listen to first and then perform the following tests:

1. On Monday he plays classical music while trying to memorize a list of ten words.
2. On Tuesday he tests himself and records his results.
3. On Wednesday he plays country music while trying to memorize a new list of ten words.
4. On Thursday he tests himself on the new words and records his results.

What type of testing is Benny implementing?

[expand title=View Answer] In a within-subjects design, the same participants are exposed to all of the treatments. This is in contrast to a between-subjects design, in which different participants are exposed to different treatments.[/expand]

Q7. Referring to the question above, does Benny’s experiment have a “within design” or “between design”?

[expand title=View Answer]Within design [/expand]

Q8. In “within designs,” the only thing that differs across treatments is:

[expand title=View Answer]The treatments [/expand]

Q9. In “between designs,” the treatments differ, but so do:

[expand title=View Answer] The participants [/expand]

Q10. The next few questions relate to the following scenario:

Kaiping has a hypothesis that eating dark chocolate before an exam will help students test better. She has the 26 students in Ms. Claude’s class eat dark chocolate before their calculus exam and the 32 students in Mr. Green’s class eat nothing before their calculus exam.

What is the independent variable?

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

[expand title=View Answer]
1.The independent variable is whether or not the students eat dark chocolate before the exam.
2.The dependent variable is the students’ performance on the calculus exam.
3.The experimental condition is the group of students who eat dark chocolate before the exam.
4.The control condition is the group of students who do not eat dark chocolate before the exam.
[/expand]

Q11. What is the dependent variable?

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

[expand title=View Answer] The independent variable is the treatment that the participants receive. In this case, the treatment is whether or not the participants eat dark chocolate before the exam.[/expand]

Q12. Which class is in the experimental condition?

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

[expand title=View Answer] The dependent variable is the outcome that is being measured. In this case, the outcome is the participants’ performance on the calculus exam[/expand]

Q13. Which class is in the control condition?

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

[expand title=View Answer]The experimental condition is the group of participants who receive the treatment. In this case, the experimental condition is the group of students who eat dark chocolate before the exam. [/expand]

Week 3: Mindware: Critical Thinking for the Information Age Quiz Answers

Quiz 1: Lesson 5 Quiz

Q1. Your mom tells you that she started eating dandelions and her stomach pains went away. Tell her why the dandelions may not be responsible for her decrease in stomach pain.

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

[expand title=View Answer]Dandelions may not be responsible for the decrease in stomach pain for several reasons. Stomach pains can have various causes, and their intensity can fluctuate naturally. Without controlled scientific studies, it’s challenging to attribute the relief solely to dandelion consumption. Factors such as stress, dietary changes, or other coincidental factors could have played a role. It’s crucial for your mom to consult a healthcare professional to determine the actual cause of her stomach pain and explore appropriate treatments. [/expand]

Q2. This shows the normal distribution of the test scores of students in Mr. Lin’s class. Mr. Lin’s top student Berta scored a 90. What do you predict her best friend Nadia scored if the correlation between friends’ test scores is .00?

[expand title=View Answer] 50 [/expand]

Q3. Please read both of these scenarios before answering the question.

Scenario 1: Your apartment building is full of rambunctious children. 70% of the children are from the second floor and 30% of the children are from the third floor. You wake up to find the newspaper outside of your door has been stolen. Your neighbor says she saw a child from the third floor running down the hallway.

Scenario 2: Your apartment building only allows dogs and cats in the building. 70% of the pets are dogs and 30% of the pets are cats. You wake up to find that the newspaper outside of your door has been torn to shreds. You know that dogs are known to cause four times more disturbances regarding newspapers than cats. Your neighbor says she saw a cat running down the hallway.

Which scenario do you think allows for more accurate estimates of the probability regarding who or what was responsible for the disturbance with your newspaper? Why?

[expand title=View Answer] Scenario 2 [/expand]

Q4. You just tested positive for a rare disease and want to know what the chances are of you actually having the disease. You know that out of 100 people, 10 people have the disease. 6 of the people who have the disease will test positive (60% of the people with the disease). 9 of the people who do not have the disease will incorrectly test positive (10% of the people who don’t have the disease). What is the probability that you actually have the disease, given that you tested positive?

[expand title=View Answer] 6 / (6 + 9)[/expand]

Quiz 2: Pre-lecture Quiz

Q1. What do you need to know to find out if there’s a correlation between vaccination and autism?

Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

To determine if there is a correlation between vaccination and autism, you would need to conduct rigorous scientific research and consider various factors. Here are the key elements to consider:

1. Study Design: The study should be designed appropriately to investigate the potential correlation. It should be a well-controlled, longitudinal study with a sufficiently large sample size. Randomized controlled trials or cohort studies are often used.
2. Data Collection: Collect data on vaccination history and autism diagnoses for the study participants. Ensure accurate and complete records of vaccinations, including the type of vaccine, date of administration, and any adverse events.
3. Control Group: Establish a control group of individuals who are similar to the vaccinated group in all aspects except for vaccination. This group can help determine whether the observed correlation is specific to vaccination.
4. Data Analysis: Use statistical analysis methods to assess the correlation. Common statistical tests include chi-square tests, regression analysis, or more advanced methods like propensity score matching.
5. Confounding Variables: Consider and control for potential confounding variables, such as genetic predisposition, family history, and other environmental factors that could influence autism risk. Statistical techniques like multivariate analysis can help control for these variables.

Quiz 3: Lesson 6 Quiz

Q1. What term describes the belief that we understand the world by direct perception?

[expand title=View Answer] Illusion of objectivity[/expand]

Q2. Our perceptual system is highly accurate for an artificial world but not for the real world.

[expand title=View Answer] False[/expand]

Q3. What term describes cognitive structures that guide our understanding of the world?

[expand title=View Answer] Schemas[/expand]

Q4. Where would people be more likely to vote for increased welfare?

[expand title=View Answer] A polling station next to a soup kitchen[/expand]

Q5. What term describes mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help us to understand the world but that can sometimes also lead us astray?

[expand title=View Answer]Heuristics [/expand]

Q6. When people estimate the frequency or probability of events using the cue of how easily the type of event comes to mind, they are using what heuristic?

[expand title=View Answer]Availability heuristic [/expand]

Q7. The best predictor of future behavior is past behavior.

[expand title=View Answer] True [/expand]

Q8. What term describes the tendency to mistakenly regard a disposition of the object or person as the primary cause of behavior, while ignoring important situational or contextual factors?

[expand title=View Answer] Fundamental attribution error[/expand]

Q9. What term refers to the fact that we often look only for evidence that could confirm the hypothesis and not for evidence that might disconfirm it?

[expand title=View Answer] Confirmation bias [/expand]

Q10. What do you need to know to find out if there’s an association between getting up early and being in a good mood for most of the day?

[expand title=View Answer]
1.Define what you mean by “getting up early” and “being in a good mood.”
2.Collect data from a representative sample of individuals, including their wake-up times and their reported mood throughout the day.
3.Analyze the data statistically to identify any correlations or associations between waking up early and having a good mood.
4.Consider potential confounding variables, such as sleep quality, daily routines, and overall health, that could influence the results.
5.Conduct the study over a significant period to account for daily variations.
[/expand]

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

Q11. What do you need to know to find out if there’s an association between doing drugs and dropping out of high school?

[expand title=View Answer]
1.Define what you mean by “doing drugs” (e.g., types of drugs, frequency of use) and “dropping out of high school.”
2.Collect data from a representative sample of high school students, including information on their drug use and educational outcomes.
3.Analyze the data statistically to identify any correlations or associations between drug use and dropping out of high school.
4.Consider potential confounding variables, such as socioeconomic status, family environment, and academic performance, that could influence the results.
5.Conduct the study longitudinally to track changes over time and determine if drug use precedes dropping out or vice versa.
[/expand]

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

Week 4: Mindware: Critical Thinking for the Information Age Quiz Answers

Quiz 1: Pre-lecture Activity

Q1. You bought a $100 ticket to a basketball game when the league standings seemed likely to hang on this game and the star was going to be playing. Tonight’s the night, but the star is not playing, nothing is actually going to hang on the outcome, and the stadium is 40 minutes away and it’s starting to snow.

What’s the best reason to go to the game?

What’s the best reason not to go?

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

[expand title=View Answer]
1.Best Reason to Go to the Game: The best reason to go to the game in this situation would be to enjoy the live experience of attending a basketball game, even if the star player is not playing and the outcome doesn’t significantly impact the standings. You can still appreciate the atmosphere, support the team, and spend quality time with friends or fellow fans. It’s an opportunity for entertainment and camaraderie.
2.Best Reason Not to Go: The best reason not to go to the game could be due to safety concerns and inconvenience. If the stadium is 40 minutes away and it’s starting to snow, driving in adverse weather conditions can be dangerous. Additionally, considering that the star player is not playing and the game doesn’t hold high stakes, you might decide that the effort and cost of attending do not justify the experience, especially if you have safety concerns.
[/expand]

Q2. You’ve ordered an expensive meal that turns out to be not good. Should you finish it?

What’s the best reason to do so?

What’s the best reason not to do so?

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

[expand title=View Answer]
1.Best Reason to Finish the Meal: The best reason to finish the meal might be to avoid wasting food and money. You’ve already paid for the expensive meal, and by finishing it, you ensure that the resources used to prepare the meal are not wasted. Additionally, if you’re dining in a restaurant, it’s a way to avoid additional expenses on ordering another dish. If the meal is not terrible but just not to your taste, you could still eat it to avoid food wastage.
2.Best Reason Not to Finish the Meal: The best reason not to finish the meal would be if it’s genuinely not good, and continuing to eat it would lead to discomfort or dissatisfaction. If the quality of the food is subpar or if it’s causing you to feel unwell, it’s better to stop eating for your own well-being. Additionally, if you’re in a situation where you have other options or can request a replacement dish, it might be more enjoyable to choose an alternative that suits your preferences. In such cases, quality and enjoyment should take precedence over avoiding food waste.
[/expand]

Quiz 2: Lesson 7 Quiz

Q1. Cognitive dissonance occurs when our beliefs don’t fit with our __.

[expand title=View Answer] actions[/expand]

Q2. It is always best to optimize when making choices.

[expand title=View Answer] False [/expand]

Q3. Using an example from your own life, perform your own weighted decision. (You may use the templates provided below.)

[expand title=View Answer] (.docx)[/expand]

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

[expand title=View Answer] if you have a specific decision or scenario in mind that you’d like assistance with, please provide the details, and I’ll be happy to offer guidance on how to approach the decision-making process.[/expand]

Q4. According to the Sunk Cost Principle, __ benefits and costs should figure in your choices

[expand title=View Answer] only future[/expand]

Q5. If you do not choose the action with the greatest net benefit, you will pay unnecessary _.

[expand title=View Answer] Opportunity costs[/expand]

Q6. What term accounts for when people demand more money for something than they originally paid for it?

[expand title=View Answer] Endowment effect [/expand]

Q7. You recently started up your own clothing website. Customers must create an account in order to view your clothing options, and one of the questions they need to answer is whether or not they want weekly updates sent to their email addresses. In order to deliver information about your latest arrivals to the most customers, would it be better to ask customers:

“Please check the box below if you would like weekly information about our latest arrivals?” [Opt in]

or

“Please check the box below if you would not like weekly information about our latest arrivals?” [Opt out]

Why?

What do you think? Your answer cannot be more than 10000 characters.

[expand title=View Answer] This choice is based on the principle of default bias or status quo bias. People tend to stick with the default option or the status quo, which in this case would be not receiving weekly updates. By framing the question as an opt-out option, you are more likely to reach a broader audience because people are more inclined to leave things as they are rather than actively opting in. This approach maximizes the number of customers receiving updates while respecting their preferences. [/expand]

Quiz 3: Pre-lecture Quiz

Q1. Determine whether or not you think each of the following arguments is valid.

If I have the flu, then I have a sore throat. I have a sore throat. Therefore, I have the flu.

[expand title=View Answer] Not valid[/expand]

Q2. If the movie is not a comedy, then Joe did not see it. The movie is not a comedy. Therefore, Joe did not see it.

[expand title=View Answer] Not valid[/expand]

Q3. If President Obama is Muslim, then he’s not a Christian. President Obama is not Muslim. Therefore, President Obama is a Christian.

[expand title=View Answer]Not valid [/expand]

Q4. If it’s a holiday, the bank will be closed. The bank is closed. Therefore, it’s a holiday.

[expand title=View Answer] Not valid [/expand]

Quiz 4: Lesson 8 Quiz

Q1. All black cats are male. This cat is black. Therefore, this cat is a male.

This is an example of _.

[expand title=View Answer] Syllogism [/expand]

Q2. If I eat peanut butter, I will get hives. I ate peanut butter. Therefore, I will get hives.

This is an example of _.

[expand title=View Answer] Propositional logic[/expand]

Q3. If a conclusion is valid, then it is also true.

[expand title=View Answer]False [/expand]

Q4. Determine if the major (first) premise is sufficient or necessary and sufficient in order for the conclusion to be valid.

If I break my leg, I will wear a cast. I broke my leg. Therefore, I will wear a cast.

[expand title=View Answer] Sufficient [/expand]

Q5. You may recognize the next few arguments from before the lecture. They are not valid. Now determine if these arguments are not valid due to a converse or inverse error.

If I have the flu, then I have a sore throat. I have a sore throat. Therefore, I have the flu.

[expand title=View Answer]Converse [/expand]

Q6. If President Obama is Muslim, then he’s not a Christian. President Obama is not Muslim. Therefore, President Obama is a Christian.

[expand title=View Answer] Converse [/expand]

Q7. If it’s a holiday, the bank will be closed. The bank is closed. Therefore, it’s a holiday.

[expand title=View Answer] Inverse[/expand]

Q8. The Law of Large Numbers, regression, statistical significance, etc., are all types of reasoning discussed in this course that are deductively valid.

[expand title=View Answer] False[/expand]

Q9. Which form of thinking would be more likely to support the statement: “Contradiction is constant since change is constant.”

[expand title=View Answer] Principles of dialecticism[/expand]

Q10. Which form of thinking would be more likely to support the statement: “Everything must either be or not be.”

[expand title=View Answer] Foundations of logic [/expand]

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