Understanding Cancer Metastasis Coursera Quiz Answers

Get All Weeks Understanding Cancer Metastasis Coursera Quiz Answers

History and Overview of Metastasis Quiz Answers

Q1. How is metastasis best defined?

• The spreading of cancer from a primary site to distant organs
• The study of tumors
• A swelling in the body
• Uncontrolled growth

Q2. The incidence of cancer is:

• Not changing with age
• Rising as the population ages
• Decreasing as the population ages

Q3. Who defined the seed and soil hypothesis?

• Paget
• Ewing
• Galen
• Virchow

Q4. The seed and soil hypothesis:

• States that cancer cells never metastasize
• States that all cancer cells are equally good at metastasizing
• States that cancer cells that metastasize will grow better in certain organs that have a congenial soil
• States that cancer cells will grow equally well anywhere in the body

Q5. A cancer cell becomes more motile by…

• Undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition
• Undergoing a mesenchymal to epithelial transition
• Hitching a ride in the circulation with a white blood cell
• Getting pushed into the circulation by other cells

Q6. The term that refers to a cancer cell moving into the circulation is:

• Angiogenesis
• Extravasation
• Metastasis
• Intravasation

Q7. How is cancer best defined?

• Cells that move around the body
• The study of tumors
• Spreading growth
• Uncontrolled growth

Q8. New blood vessel growth is also termed:

• Leukemia
• Angiogenesis
• Epithelial to mesenchymal transition
• Carcinogenesis

Q9. True or False: Metastasis is the usual cause of cancer death.

• True
• False

Q10. True or False: Stephen Paget is credited with defining the seed and soil hypothesis of metastasis.

• True
• False

Primary Tumor Growth and Neoangiogenesis Quiz Answers

Q1. What does NOT occur during a healthy cell cycle?

• a cell’s DNA duplicates
• a cell divides
• a cell undergoes apoptosis
• a cell checks for damage to structure or DNA

Q2. When a cell is damaged, it always becomes a cancerous cell.

• False
• True

Q3. Cancer:

• is uncontrolled cell division
• begins with a single damaged cell (such as mutation)
• has faulty cell cycle checkpoints
• all of these options

Q4. Activating mutations in oncogenes promote cancer.

• True
• False

Q5. Mutations occur in proteins.

• False
• True

Q6. As a cell gains mutations…

• It always dies
• It can explode
• It becomes more normal
• It becomes more cancerous

Q7. The theory that states that both copies of a gene must be mutated in order to promote cancer is:

• Translocations
• The Two-Hit Hypothesis
• The Central Dogma
• The New Mutations Theory

Q8. Neoangiogenesis:

• Is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels
• Is required for tumor growth
• Promotes metastasis by providing additional routes for cancer cells to leave the primary tumor
• Is driven by hypoxia
• All of these options

Q9. Blood vessels formed as a result of neoangiogenesis are highly organized.

• False
• True

Q10. What is the state of lack of oxygen?

• Hypoxia
• Normoxia
• Anemia
• Hyperosmia

Q11. The primary tumor is made up of only tumor cells and some normal cells.

• False
• True

Q12. Which of the following cell types influence tumor growth?

• Fat cells
• Neurons
• Fibroblasts
• All of these options

Invasion and Intravasation Quiz Answers

Q1. What is a characteristic of epithelial cells?

• Expression of Vimentin
• High motility
• Cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion
• Spindle shape

Q2. EMT stands for epithelial – _______ transition.

• Mobile
• Migratory
• Musical
• Mesenchymal

Q3. What does ECM stand for? Extracellular ______.

• Maths
• Matrix
• Molecules
• Molehills

Q4. What cells produce proteases to remodel the ECM?

• All of these options
• Endothelial cells
• Immune cells
• Cancer cells

Q5. Cancer cells require the ECM for:

• Adhesion
• Migration
• Differentiation
• Adhesion and Migration

Q6. Intravasation is a specialized form of _______.

• Invasion
• Cancer
• Mutation

Q7. Intravasation describes the process in which a cancer cell moves into a ________.

• Blood vessel
• Lymphatic vessel
• Blood vessel and Lymphatic vessel
• Neuron

Survival in the Circulation and Extravasation Quiz Answers

Q1. Genes that are lost and normally prevent cells from undergoing metastasis are called _______________:

• Blue jeans
• none of these options
• metastasis suppressor genes
• oncogenes

Q2. Typically, normal a cell will die after undergoing ________. Cancer cells are resistant to this.

• Anoikis
• mitosis
• Dunn’s limit

Q3. One pathway discussed in this lecture that allows cancer cells to evade death is the __________ pathway.

• none of these options
• EGFR/PI3-K
• meiosis

Q4. After homing using chemokines, CTCs __________ and _______________ onto endothelial cells?

• Hip and hop
• Dock and lock
• Pop and Lock

Q5. The docking process is mediated by ____________ expressed on CTCs and __________ expressed on endothelial cells

• PD-L1 and PI3-K
• carbohydrates and selectins
• None of these options

Q6. Locking is mediated by __________ expressed on CTCs.

• Sialyl-X
• integrins

Q7. The process of a CTC exiting the circulation into a secondary site is called _____________?

• intravasation
• both of these options
• extravasation

Q8. This process is aided by which cell type (discussed in this lecture).

• Platelets
• Erythrocytes
• Sickle cells

Q9. CTCs that are successfully able to get into a secondary site are called __________.

• Disseminated tumor cells (DTC)
• none of these options
• CTC

Q10. CTCs can circulate as __________ or _______________?

• macrophages
• Single Cells or clusters of cells
• CTCs or MTCs

Q11. CTCs up-regulate ____________ that allows platelet activation and its association to CTCs

• TCIPA
• CIVA
• none of these options

Q12. CTCs have the ability to up-regulate _____________ to promote monocyte recruitment and increase vascular permeabilization. Select all answers that apply.

• none of these options
• CCL2
• EGFR/PI3-K

Dormancy and Secondary Tumor Growth Quiz Answers

Q1. Dormancy is:

• Quiescence and reversible growth arrest
• Reversible growth arrest
• None of these options
• Quiescence

Q2. Angiogenic dormancy refers to the inability of a tumor mass to undergo angiogenesis.

• True
• False

Q3. A patient undergoes surgery to remove a primary tumor. 20 years later they die without any evidence of cancer. What could be true?

• Cells disseminated from the primary tumor before it was removed
• All of these options
• Cells never left the primary tumor
• Cells disseminated to another location and died

Q4. Dormant cancer cells

• Have decreased protein synthesis and increased DNA synthesis
• Are only found in the bone
• Have decreased protein synthesis
• Have increased DNA synthesis

Q5. Clinical dormancy

• Is a period of undetectable cancer after the primary tumor has been removed
• None of these options
• Is the period of metastatic outgrowth after the primary tumor has been removed
• Refers to the time it takes for a primary tumor to cause pain to the patient

Q6. If a disseminated cell was unable to undergo dormancy

• It may undergo apoptosis or it may proliferate into a metastasis
• It may undergo apoptosis
• It may proliferate into a metastasis
• None of these options

Q7. Clinical cancer dormancy precedes cellular dormancy.

• False
• True

Q8. Which one is NOT a difference between quiescence and senescence?

• Growth arrest in G2
• Marked by beta-galactosidase
• Can be identified by negative markers of proliferation
• Reversible growth arrest

Q9. Why might a patient with a primary breast tumor end up with a bone metastasis, but not a liver metastasis?

• The cancer cells homed to both sites but only proliferated in the bone
• The cancer cells homed to both sites but died in the liver
• The cancer cells only homed to the bone
• All of these options could be true

Q10. It is possible for patients to die of their cancer if their tumor cells remain dormant.

• True
• False

Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Metastasis Quiz Answers

Q1. What cancer only rarely spreads to the bone?

• Brain
• Breast
• Kidney
• Prostate

Q2. What cancer only rarely spreads to the liver?

• Brain
• Colon
• Stomach
• Breast

Q3. Virchow’s triad refers to what 3 things?

• Blood infection, blood clotting, bleeding
• Endothelial injury, blood stasis, hypercoagulability
• Cancer spreading, cancer growing, blood clotting
• Bone fracture, blood clot, cancer spreading

Q4. Cancer cachexia results in?

• Weight loss
• Gain of muscle mass
• Increased energy for the patient
• Weight gain

Q5. Aesthenia is defined as:

• Having a lot of energy
• Feeling very strong
• Putting people to sleep for surgery
• abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy

Q6. Anorexia is defined as:

• Putting people to sleep for surgery
• Being hungry all of the time
• Loss of appetite
• A metastasis that has spread to the lung

Q7. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs):

• Help destroy the extracellular matrix around a tumor
• Build muscle
• Build fat stores
• Build bone

Q8. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha:

• Is thought to contribute to cancer cachexia
• Builds muscle
• Builds bone
• Builds fat stores

Q9. True or False: Metastasis is the major cause of cancer death.

• False
• True

Q10. True or False: Cachexia is often present when people die of cancer.

• True
• False

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